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ETH Zurich - D-MATL - crystal - Research Groups - Powder Diffraction / Zeolites - Charge Flipping 
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Charge Flipping

pCF_Icon
 Adapting the charge-flipping algorithm to powder diffraction data

Dubravka Sisak, Christian Baerlocher and Lynne B. McCusker

Lukas Palatinus, EPFL Lausanne
The charge-flipping structure-solution algorithm introduced by Oszlányi and Süto for single crystals in 2004 has been adapted to accommodate powder diffraction data in the computer program Superflip. A flow diagram of the algorithm showing these modifications is given on the right (click on the image to get a higher resolution picture).

A routine for repartitioning the intensities of overlapping reflections (righthand side) was implemented within the original (lefthand side) iterative procedure. This was done by modifying the electron density map with a histogram-matching algorithm, and then using the Fourier coefficients obtained from this map to repartition the structure factor amplitudes within each group of overlapping reflections.
Powder Charge Flipping Flowchart
Powder Charge Flipping Flowchart


The algorithm has been tested on a variety of structures, both organic and inorganic, with varying degrees of overlap, diverse symmetries, and different degrees of complexity. The histogram matching step was found to be particularly important for the more difficult structures. Links to two movies showing the electron density development for a typical charge-flipping run are given below.

ZrPOF-pyr_ED
ZrPOF-pyr_ED_struc
Click on the image above to see the development of the electron density map during a typical charge-flipping run for a zirconium phosphate phase (3.9 MB).
 Click on the image above to see a shorter movie showing only every 13th frame of the electron density development (512 kB). Here the final structure is superimposed, and the start of histogram matching and repartitioning is indicated.
IM-5_red_5cm
Framework structure of IM-5 with a structure envelope showing the channel system
 Like Focus, charge flipping works in both real and reciprocal space, so additional information can be added in either realm. By using phase information from high-resolution transmission electron microscopy images to generate starting phase sets for Superflip, the structure of the zeolite catalyst IM-5 (left) could finally be solved. With 24 Si atoms and 47 O atoms in the asymmetric unit (864 atoms in the unit cell), this zeolite framework structure is as complex as that of TNU-9, the most complex known to date.


Click on the image to get a larger picture.


Supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation.

References:

Ch. Baerlocher, L.B. McCusker and L. Palatinus, "Charge flipping combined with histogram matching to solve complex crystal structures from powder diffraction data", Z. Kristallogr. (2007), 222, 47-53

Ch. Baerlocher, F. Gramm, L. Massüger, L.B. McCusker, Z. He, S. Hovmöller and X. Zou, "Structure of the polycrystalline zeolite catalyst IM-5 solved by enhanced charge flipping", Science (2007), 315, 1113-1116

Ch. Baerlocher, D. Xie, L.B. McCusker, S.-J. Hwang, I.Y. Chan, K. Ong, A.W. Burton and S.I. Zones, "Ordered silicon vacancies in the framework structure of the zeolite catalyst SSZ-74" Nature Mater. (2008), 7, 631-635

D. Xie, Ch. Baerlocher and L.B. McCusker, "Using phases retrieved from two-dimensional projections to facilitate structure solution from X-ray powder diffraction data" (2011) J. Appl. Crystallogr. 44, 1023-1032

D. Sisak, Ch. Baerlocher, L.B. McCusker and C.J. Gilmore, "Optimizing the input parameters for powder charge flipping" (2012) J. Appl. Crystallogr. 45, 1125-1135

D. Sisak, Ch. Baerlocher, L.B. McCusker, T. Yoshinari and D. Seebach, "Solving the structures of light-atom compounds with powder charge flipping" (2014) J. Appl. Crystallogr. 47, 1569-1576

 

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© 2016 ETH Zurich | Imprint | Disclaimer | 27 February 2015
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